Perspectives Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perspectives - Research Paper Example It might be of some interest to note that that not only ‘behavior’ but also ‘learning’ was not given much importance by early day psychologists. Possibly they concluded that ‘behavior’ was something that could neither be quantified nor categorized and thus did not merit any special investigation. However, at the beginning of 20th century some psychologists felt that ‘behavior’ indeed identifies a man and makes him stand out in his interactions with fellow humans and therefore can very well be considered as an outward manifestation of an individual’s psychological constitution. Though, they did agree that it cannot quantified and thus cannot be measured or compared in absolute terms. Thus, a small band of psychologists took it upon themselves to study ‘behavior’ in intricate detail while the majority continued to stick to the earlier stance of not giving ‘behavior’ that much importance. In this paper the perspectives of Watson, Skinner and Tolman are compared and contrasted and an attempt has been made to relate their perspectives to modern day approach to psychology as a separate discipline. John B. Watson Watson is widely believed to be the father of the term ‘behaviorism’ and is credited with the introduction, or should we say, infiltration of this term in mainstream psychology. Watson also took a distinctly adamant stand in the age old nature versus nurture debate in that he believed that nurture, which is, how a person is brought up and his experiences since childhood, plays a distinct role in shaping his approach and attitude and nature has very little role to play in such formation. As a proof of his contention, he conducted the famous experiment of white rat and how fear got instilled in the psyche of Little Albert when a loud frightening sound accompanied every time the rat was shown to the child. As a further proof of his contention, in a slightly changed scenario, he showed the white rat to the child who was struck with a steel bar a little while after he observed the white rat. Thus fear acquired two connotations to Albert, one is the sight of the white rat and the other was the sound of his crying as he was struck by a steel bar. By this combined exposure to conditioned stimulus of the white rat and unconditioned stimulus of getting struck by a steel bar Albert was conditioned to be perpetually afraid of white rat. Watson reasoned that fears that are conditioned remain with a person and modify his behavior for the rest of his life (Leary, 2004). By the end of the first decade of 20th century Watson published his classical treatise Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It where he made a tersely woven logical case for behavior to be considered as an integral part of psychological analysis. He started his argument with the assumption that was never doubted or challenged by any scholar that psychology is a scientific discipline on its own merit. As psychology is a separate science it needs to be based on empirical data that could be independently verified through experiments. Facts that are observed during experiments are by definition observable and could be codified. The only publicly observable aspect of psychology is behavior and not consciousness that can neither be observed nor codified. Therefore, the most popular method at that time of studying consciousness, that is, introspection cannot be termed as a scientific

Contribution of Management of Information Systems to Information Essay

Contribution of Management of Information Systems to Information Systems - Essay Example The paper tells that businesses are more prone than any other body to rely upon the use of information systems to conduct their daily operations and for communication within the organization. Information systems hold data regarding the business operations, employees, sales statistics, stock, and the most popular products. The software has also advanced to the level where it is easier for information systems to compare statistics and data and help management in forming critical decisions regarding business operations. It is also easier to transmit this data from one manager to the other and provide different managers with their required data easily. Not only do information systems show information, they are now able to analyze information and help managers in making decisions regarding the company. However, computers and information systems do not have a brain of their own and the decision of which software to use and which information system would be best fitted to the requirements o f the company, lies in the hands of the management of the company itself. Information systems are a critical and important aspect of businesses and other organizations now. The mismanagement of an information system can lead to the incorrect transmission of information, which can prove highly consequential for a company. Moreover, if the information system was chosen is not adequate for the task it is to perform; this may lead to inadequate results and an improper analysis. Hence, it is highly important for information systems to be managed correctly and the correct software is used with frequent updates to allow for information systems to be as beneficial as they should be for a company.