Compare and Contrast How the Main Protagonists Experience...

Compare and contrast how the main protagonists experience being outsiders within their respective societies. The experience of being outsiders is explored by William Shakespeare in ‘Othello’, Emily Bronte in ‘Wuthering Heights’ and Robert Browning in his Dramatic Monologues. Shakespeare explores the theme of alienation through a character considered an outsider by the society in which he lives in. Similarly Emily Bronte explores Heathcliff and the obstacles he faces at Wuthering Heights. Browning’s Dramatic Monologues illustrate the minds of psychotic lovers who are all possessive and delusional. In all the three texts the outsiders are rejected and are to an extent responsible for their own position in the society. While some are†¦show more content†¦The narrator in ‘The Last Ride Together’ is also rejected by his mistress but in contrast his acceptance of this makes him dissimilar to the Duke and Heathcliff. In this poem Browning portrays human success and the limitations people face. Although the lover’s life has been â€Å"m eant for fails†, he has accepted his fate with his mistress and so accepts his failure of not being able to get her as part of his success. Othello on the other hand has major success in â€Å"wooing† Desdemona which could suggest that the rejection and success these characters receive could reflect the extent to which they are seen as outsiders. Porphyria’s lover is depicted as an outsider like the Duke but the narrator in this poem is far more psychotic. Browning’s use of language indicates that Porphyria is from a higher class than her lover â€Å"gay feast†, â€Å"dripping cloak and shawl†, â€Å"soiled gloves† paints an image of a wealthy and independent woman. There is a clear issue of class and wealth in both of these Browning poems and it seems to be the root of the problems faced by the lovers. In ‘Wuthering Heights’ money and power is also a major issue which causes the unfortunate events endured by the protagonist. When Heathcliff returns to the Heights as a gentleman â€Å"in dress and aspect† rather than a â€Å"scavenger†, there is a rise in his wealth and power. Although he abuses his new status to fulfil is evilShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesproblematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the prese nt book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book isRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pageslinguistic sense, and by dà ©coupage when used to describe the final stage of a shooting script. Michael Taylor also coined the expression mirror construction to translate construction en abà ®me, to describe embedded narrative structures like a film within a film. This is not really very accurate but I have not found any solution better than embedded structure; see his explanation on page 230. Single shot sequence is usually used to translate plan sequence rather than shot sequence. Simi ´ xiRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New AmericanRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesprospective project managers with the knowledge and skills that are transferable across industries and countries. Our motivation for writing this text was to provide students with a holistic, integrative view of project management. A holistic view focuses on how projects contribute to the strategic goals of the organization. The linkages for integration include the process of selecting projects that best support the strategy of a particular organization and that in turn can be supported by the technical and

The History of Electronic Medical Records Free Essays

WORK EXPERIENCE Case Manager DS Community Services – Nashville, TN – January 2013 to Present Responsibilities my responsibilities were to keep all files up to date I made sure that each client had OT, PT and ST plans. I made sure that there physicals and dental was up to date. I did the scheduling as well as monthly reviews on each individual I do risk assessment made sure all filing was done and put files and alphabetical order I fax answer phone calls and copy thing as well as greeting the family and clients when they came in to the office when on ISP meeting and do QA all the notes on each client. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Electronic Medical Records or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical Assistant Tennessee Pediatrics – Nashville, TN – January 2013 to November 2013 Responsibilities scheduling appointments, checking patients in and out, updating patient’s charts, faxing and scanning shot records, assisting Doctors with patients, giving injections and drawing blood, giving CBC, hematology, and running urine analysis, taking vital signs, and a variety of other test that pertain to the needs of the patient Phlebotomist Technician / Receptionist tech CSL Plasma – Madison, TN – January 2012 to December 2012 phlebotomist there and the receptionist tech I put in data and do vital signs welcome guess when they enter the door and setting up machines DC in which means disconnect donor from the machine can sitting up machines in preparing them for their donations Direct Care Professional Tennessee Family Solutions – Nashville, TN – March 2010 to February 2012 Ensured the implementation of outcomes, therapeutic plans, programs and service information between the day/school programs. Ensured the implementation of the Individual Support Plans, ISP and documentation and tracked any progress from the ISP plans. Maintained open communicants with legal guardians, advocates, conservator and indepent support coordinator. Ensured consistency of individual skills effectiveness of programming, service objectives daily notes. Monitored all doctor appointments and follow up appointment along with medications for  individuals served. Ensured the home for safety and environmental issues to help to resolve the issues if any were found. Ensured that each individual’s current nutritional and behavior management plan was being carried out Technician Assistant Donaldson Place Caring Rehabilitation – 2008 to 2009 Administered and monitored the care of the patients. Ensured active treatment programs were being implemented to meet the need of the patient. Developed behavior support systems to help reduce challenging behaviors of the patient. Encouraged self-development of the patient while they were in the care of the agency. Assisted the activities coordinator with daily activities of the clients. Assisted nurses with passing daily medication to patients. Completed all paper work in a timely manner. Resources for Human Development Care Provider 2008 to 2009 Ensured the daily living skills of the clients were being met. Ensured that all regulations were met for active treatment and for all services provided to the client. Ensured the each client medical and nutritional management plan was being followed daily. Ensured consistency of individual skills effectiveness of programming, service objectives and daily notes. Ensured the home was maintained for the safety of the client. Completed all paper work in a timely manner. Tracked and implemented behavior supports that were needed for the client. COMPUTER AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS: CPR and First Aid Certified. Unlicensed Professional Medication Administration Certified Proficient with Microsoft office word, Power Point, Excel, Outlook. EDUCATION Medical assistant in M.A Nashville College of medical careers – Nashville, TN January 2009 to January 2010 High School Diploma Cornerstone Christian High School – Georgia January 2005 to January 2008 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Five years’ experience in the Developmentally Disabled and Mentally. Challenged individuals served. Experienced with proving medical assistance  to clients while in rehabilitation. How to cite The History of Electronic Medical Records, Papers

Construction Environmental Sustainability †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Environmental Sustainability? Answer: Introduction Environmental sustainability is a very essential issue in todays construction industry because of the impacts that buildings and other structures have on the community, environment and the world. A wide range of natural resources are used within the construction industry and so environmental sustainability aims at ensuring proper allocation and utilization of resources and minimization of resource wastage(Balleto Furcas, 2011). All construction projects are unique thus it is important to assess each projects requirements so as to implement it is a manner that eliminates or minimizes impacts on the environment. In other words, the concept of environmental sustainability must be comprehensively analyzed using appropriate management assessment tools and integrated at all stages of construction projects(Ding, 2008). This paper discusses different aspects of environmental sustainability in construction. Construction industry has great impacts on the environment, economy and society(Zuo Zhao, 2014). Global challenges such as climate change have necessitated development and integration of environmental sustainability in the construction industry. In this context, the fundamental concept of environmental sustainability and sustainable construction in general is to ensure that structures are designed, constructed, operated, maintained and demolished in a way that improves resource efficiency throughout their lifecycle(Strange Bayley, 2008). By so doing, depletion of natural resources reduces thus improving environmental conservation. Sustainable development or construction entails using minimum resources to build structures and facilities that meet the needs of people and enhance environmental conservation for present and future generations(Jackson, et al., 2011). Triple bottom line concept is very important in sustainable construction(Alhaddi, 2015) because it encourages implementati on of construction projects by considering three important aspects: environment, society and economics(Hammer Pivo, 2016). In other words, this concept ensures that companies undertake construction projects by considering their financial, environmental and social impacts. As a result of this, projects are undertaken in an environmentally friendly, financially viable (cost-effective) and socially acceptable manner(Lederwasch Mukheibir, 2013). Environmental sustainability report for the company Express Ltd is a multinational construction company located in Sydney, Australia. The company was established in 1987 and has undertaken various projects in more than 30 countries including Australia, China, U.S., Canada, Italy, Germany, France, England and Abu Dhabi, among others. The company focusses on design and construction of buildings, roads, railways, dams, irrigation systems, water supply and drainage systems, pipelines and stadiums. The company has an environmental policy to show its commitment of being environmentally responsible. Express Ltd employs around 25,000 people worldwide and manages projects worth about $40 billion annually. The company has a sound financial base and its annual revenue is about $25 billion. Strategies and Analysis Express Ltd takes environmentally sustainability very seriously and has received several recognitions and awards for the same efforts. The company uses several strategies to achieve its environmental sustainability goals. Key of these strategies are provided below Construction materials The company uses construction materials selected based on an environmental sustainability criteria. The company uses locally available and recycled materials through responsible sourcing. The company also reduces the accounting of materials used by creating appropriate designs and ensuring that the materials are properly allocated and used. Energy The company aims at reducing energy demand and increasing energy efficiency at various stages of the project. Some of the techniques used to achieve this include: use of site-generated renewable energy, use of energy efficient construction methods and appliances, and improving efficiency of energy supply by using methods such as combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) and combined heat and power (CHP). Water The main goal of the company is to reduce the amount of potable water used at different stages of the project. This is achieved by: rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and reuse, blackwater recycling and reuse, and installing water efficient fixtures. Waste The company also targets to reduce waste as much as possible. This is mainly achieved through application of lean construction methods. The company also uses recyclable materials so that they can be recycled and reused when the structures built are demolished at the end of their service life. Additionally, the company ensures that residual waste is disposed through incineration or landfilling to avoid energy recovery. Innovation This is a major strategy that the company applies across all the projects it undertakes. The company has invested significant resources to develop innovative products and methods of construction. Innovation and new ideas significantly reduce the amount of resources used throughout the lifecycle of structures built(Department for Business, Enterprise Regulatory Reform, 2008). Examples of innovations that the company uses include: building information modeling (BIM), building energy management system, building management systems, modular construction, self-compacting concrete, etc. Organizational Profile Express Ltd is a multinational construction company that designs and constructs buildings, roads, railways, dams, irrigation systems, water supply and drainage systems, pipelines and stadiums. The companys head office is in Sydney, Australia but it has branch offices in over 30 countries Americas, Middle East, Asia Pacific, Europe and Africa. We use high-tech knowledge, digital technologies and resources to design and build sustainable structures worldwide with an aim of improving peoples lives and creating maximum value for its clients. By 2025, Express Ltd aims at being a reputable global leader in provision of design and construction products and services. The companys operations are based on its eight main values: practical ownership and leadership, scalable learning, open collaboration, integrity, quality, diversity, accountability and predictable performance. To achieve its mission and vision, Express Ltd has invested heavily in state-of-the-art plant, equipment, human resource s and technologies. The company constantly trains its staffs and ensures that all its operations are undertaken in accordance with the required industry standards, regulations and local building codes. Our main client markets include: government, property and building, oil and gas, infrastructure, industrial, ports and terminals, and mining and minerals. Express Ltd generates average annual revenue of $25 billion. The company has experienced rapid growth over the past few years mainly because of use of modern technologies and rolling out of training programs for its employees. These have given us a competitive advantage and we are looking forward to improve it. The general organizational structure of Express Ltd comprises of the following: Chief executive Officer (CEO), management team (financial, human resource, sales and marketing, and operations departments), project managers (site engineers, safety managers, surveyors, planning engineer, structural engineer, quality assurance and civil supervisor) and construction workers. Reporting parameters To ensure that its environmental sustainability goals are attained, the company uses different reporting parameters. Reporting parameters basically refers to observed or measured properties that define the state of the environment(Srebotnjak, et al., 2010). The key reporting parameters that the company uses include: total amount of water consumed, total amount of energy used and its associated greenhouse gases emitted, total amount of hazardous waste generated, total amount of non-hazardous waste generated, total amount of recycled materials used, and number of violation notices, exceedances and fines. The values obtained are compared with industry base values or company targets(Science for Environment Policy, 2015). These reporting parameters help the company to establish the effectiveness of strategies included in the environmental policy. Governance, commitments and engagement The governance of the company comprises of effective rules, processes, relations and practices that are used to control and direct the companys operations. Express Ltd has a strong governance and it uses it to effectively balance the interests of its stakeholders, including shareholders, financiers, customers, management and community. The company is always committed to its corporate governance principles to ensure long-term success. One of these commitments is establishment of the companys environmental policy, which is very instrumental towards environmental protection. Other commitments and engagements include: training, educating and motivating its employees, suppliers and subcontractors; encouraging partnership, cooperation and participation of all stakeholders; making it clear to stakeholders and partners about environmental sustainability parameters and objectives that must be met; auditing its operations; and constantly seeking improvement of its environmental management proc esses. In general, Express Ltd has set strategic rules and aims, it involves all stakeholders in its activities and is always in the forefront to provide effective leadership to ensure attainment of its environmental sustainability goals. Management approach The main management style used by the company is coaching. As a result of this, the company creates and provides professional development opportunities for all its employees. By so doing, the company is also able to ensure that its employees have the right and updated knowledge and skills to achieve company goals and objectives. This management style has also enabled the company to create effective relationship with employees across the world who put company interests first. Conclusion The need for environmental sustainability in construction cannot be overstated(Sev, 2008). Construction industry in many parts of the world contribute significantly toward socio-economic growth and development(Hussin, et al., 2013). However, the industry also consumes vast amount of resources and contributes significantly toward depletion of natural resources that has various environmental impacts. The importance and impacts of construction industry in peoples lives have led to development of practices such as sustainable construction and triple bottom line concept, which aim at enhancing sustainability of the industry. These practices generally aim at minimizing wastage of resources and improving resource efficiency in construction sector(Atombo, et al., 2015). This will ensure that the environment is protected thus improving peoples quality of life for present and future generations. To achieve the goals and objectives of sustainability, there is need for collaboration of all stakeholders in the construction industry(Bal, et al., 2013). Each company should also establish the importance of sustainability and develop appropriate strategies to facilitate implementation of sustainable practices. The company should ensure that they adopt environmental sustainability parameters in their activities. This should be done at all stages of the project: planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition. The main aim should be to reduce the amount of resources used or wasted at all stages without compromising the quality, functionality or durability of the structures built(Kuhlman Farrington, 2010). In other words, companies should undertake their activities by considering the value of environmental sustainability to their business, community and environment. To determine this value, companies should invest adequate resources in sustainability reporting. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that there are several issues and challenges in reporting sustainability. Some of these include: deciding the audience of sustainability reports; obtaining reliable, relevant and complete performance data; determining the right sustainability metrics; convincing key stakeholders about the importance and value of sustainability reporting so as to get their backing; compliance with the right frameworks such as assurance standards and GRI; difficulties in getting the necessary resources to compile sustainability reports; and lack of adequate knowledge on sustainability reporting practices. Therefore companies should establish ways of solving these challenges. Moving forward, companies should use available state-of-the-art technologies to enhance environmental sustainability in their operations. Some of these include use of renewable energy, rainwater harvesting, greywater and blackwater recycling, use of water efficient fixtures and appliances, and use of energy efficient electrical equipment and appliances. All these should aim at waste minimization and improving resource efficiency, which enhances environmental conservation. Governments should also create policies that make it mandatory for construction companies to build structures in a sustainable way. This can be achieved by offering tax exemptions or incentives to construction companies that use sustainable products and practices. Achieving the goals of environmental sustainability in construction requires contribution and commitment from all stakeholders involved in construction projects. These include: clients, architects, designers, specialist engineers, consultants, manufacturer s, suppliers, government or regulatory authorities and end users. All these stakeholders must play their respective roles effectively. Additionally, any efforts made towards attainment of environmental sustainability in construction are worthwhile and should be supported by all people. References Alhaddi, H., 2015. Triple bottom line and sustainability: a literature review.Business and Management Studies, 1(2), pp. 6-10. Atombo, C., Dzantor, J. Agbo, A., 2015. Integration of sustainable construction in project management: a case study in Ghana. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 4(1), pp. 13-25. Balleto, G. Furcas, C., 2011. Environmental sustainability in the construction industry related to the production of aggregates qualitative aspects, case studies and future outlooks. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2(2), pp. 109-115. Bal, M., Bryde, D., Fearon, D. Ochieng, E., 2013. Stakeholder engagement: achieving sustainability in the construction sector. Sustainability, Volume 6, pp. 695-710. Department for Business, Enterprise Regulatory Reform, 2008. Strategy for sustainable construction, London: Department for Business, Enterprise Regulatory Reform. Ding, G., 2008. Sustainable construction - the role of environmental assessment tools. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(3), pp. 451-464. Hammer, J. Pivo, G., 2016. The triple bottom line and sustainable economic development theory and practice, California, U.S. : SAGE Publications. Hussin, J., Rahman, I. Memon, A., 2013. The way forward in sustainable construction: issues and challenges. International Journal of Advances in Applied Science (IJAAS), 2(1), pp. 15-24. Jackson, A., Boswell, K. Davis, D., 2011. Sustainability and triple bottom line reporting - what is it all about?. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 1(3), pp. 55-59. Kuhlman, T. Farrington, J., 2010. What is sustainability?. Sustainability, Volume 2, pp. 3436-3448. Lederwasch, A. Mukheibir, P., 2013. The triple bottom line and progress towards ecological sustainable development: Australia's coal mining industry as a case study. Resources, Volume 2, pp. 26-38. Science for Environment Policy, 2015. Indicators for sustainable cities, Bristol: European Commission: Science Communication Unit. Sev, A., 2008. How can the construction industry contribute to sustainable development? a conceptual framework. Sustainable Development, 17(3), pp. 161-173. Srebotnjak, T. et al., 2010. Final report: Establishing environmental sustainability thresholds and indicators, Brussels: European Commission. Strange, T. Bayley, A., 2008. Sustaible development: linking economy, society, environment, Paris, finance: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Zuo, J. Zhao, Z., 2014. Green building research - current status and future agenda: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 30, pp. 271-281.

Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball

Baseball as a game in the U.S. traces its origins back to the year 1978, when the game had no formal rules and special equipments. Although the game at this time was â€Å"crude† due to lack of rules, proper organization and representation, this never prevented its spreading because of its popularity that was spreading fast among the American citizens. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By late 1860’s there was calls for need to professionalize the game; something that contributed to its development into a national game. Due to many complications that were arising due to the uncontrolled rate at which the game was expanding, there was need for formation of a national body that was to govern the game; hence the formation of the National Association of Baseball players (NABBP). Although not all clubs joined the organizati on, at least those that joined it made it to grow as a national organization that managed baseball activities. With time due to diversification of the game, there has been many major transformations and re-organization of the game, hence its present status as a well-known and respected game. For example, although previously individuals had tried to professionalize the game, there efforts achieved less due to many divisions and wrangles that existed. In many ways, this managerial wrangles and divisions were the main contributors or major building blocks of the currently existing baseball developments. For example, the managerial wrangles led to the formation of the USA Baseball in 1978; an organization mandated with the role of governing the game in the U.S. this organization closely collaborates with the U.S. Olympic committee in trying to improve the quality of the game. It achieves this through promoting of several activities that include major tournaments, minor and major leag ues. Majority of participants in these activities are either high school students or individual who have embraced the game as their professional activity. This organization has led to the success of the game, because it has enabled the team to win a number of medals both in national and international tournaments (History of Baseball, (n.d.), p.1). This paper will discuss concepts of the unionization of professional baseball, impacts of the unionization of the game to players, managers and the game in general. It will further discuss the roles played by the baseball unions as concerns player remuneration and compensation; primarily on factors that determine player compensations.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of Professional Baseball Unions Prior to 1871, baseball had no organized professional management bodies, but rather the game followed informal procedures and rule s. In addition, because of the informal organization of the game, there were no special playing equipments and standards, which players and teams were to meet. Although this was the case, it never lasted for long with the formation of the National Association of professional Baseball players in 1871. The government mandated this organization with the overall role of controlling the game, organizing tournaments, and dealing with problems that arose in during the game or among different participants and stakeholders. Although this was a professional body, which in common scenarios is supposed to be well organized and structured, NABBP lacked the required structural organization, something that made it hard for it to control player’s affairs (Baseball Labor History, 1997, Para. 1-2) . This is because many players had no single clubs they could identify themselves with, because they kept on moving from one to another in for search â€Å"greener pastures†. This never las ted for long, because later on in 1876 under the leadership of Hulbert, the National League of Professional Baseball Players came to existence. The primary aim of this organization was to control the unrestrained movements of players across different teams with no formal procedures. In addition, William’s another aim was to ensure that, club managers had major control over these teams and not as the case was previously where players had all the freedom of doing whatever they wished. Many changes came as a result of the formation of this organization, an example being the selection of five best players to join major clubs that managements decided at the termination of each playing period. The managements named this the â€Å"reserve Clause†, something that contributed to the introduction of contractual terms. Contractual terms in many ways came with many limitations on players in that, there freedom was now limited because of denial of transfer rights. In addition, pre viously players could negotiate their payment terms, however with the introduction of this clause, such rights were limited to players, instead the team owner had the rights of deciding the remuneration and benefit amounts. On the other hand, these introduced a new concept of contract renewing, whereby clubs could â€Å"sell’ their players to other clubs in exchange for money although players were unwilling to join such clubs. The whole idea of baseball players’ remuneration underwent many changes as time advanced because the quality of the game was deteriorating; a factor that resulted due to low motivational levels in players because, clubs denied then chances of joining clubs of their choices. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the introduction of the salary cap by one baseball club proprietor; Goodwill Spalding led to increased wrangles in baseball management. This is because each club player was to receive approximately $2500 annually, an amount that was far below what was appropriate. Many individuals received this with mixed reactions, hence causing the formation of another baseball union called Brotherhood Professional Baseball Players. This organization came into being because majority of individual felt that club owners were overexploiting players hence, misusing their talent. This received a revolt from club owners, because they too felt isolated and despised by simple players whom they could control. This prompted them to react back by imposing some uniform fees on players (Baseball Labor History, 1997, Para. 4). Although this league helped to fight for players’ rights, it never lasted for long because of the opposition that it faced from club owners; primarily Spalding, hence the re-adoption of the previous reserve clause. Many players opposed this clause because it constrained their rights, something that led to the filing of a court case in early 1920’s, which the baseball won. This marked the onset of the many cases that followed due to wrangles between baseball players and club owners; a factor that primarily contributed to the call for reformulation of the baseball antitrust law. This calls yielded little because, the overexploitation continued for some time, hence making players to consider the option of forming a giant baseball organization to defend their rights. In addition, the fact that players had problems with club owners as concerns pension plans also contributed greatly to the call for the formation of a grand organization that was to foresee the articulation of players’ rights. Although most baseball leader’s efforts gained little, the fight to unionize baseball never stopped because as time advanced many other individuals and players came up with initiatives whose main mandate was to fight for baseball players rights. For example, in early 1990’s through collaboration with other baseball stakeholders, baseball players formed the Player’s Protective Association (PPA). This organization’s main mandate was to fight for players’ remuneration rights and enhancement of playing conditions. Later on in 1912, through collaboration with other bodies that fought for other sport players’ rights, baseball players came up with the Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players; an organization that also was to fight for their rights. Little success of these organizations never stopped players from struggling for representation, because in 1946 they formed another body that was to articulate their rights called the American Baseball Guild (Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), 2010, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Still up to mid the 19th century these formed organizations had achieved little as concerned the abolishing or restructuring of the reserve clause. It is important to note here that, the major reason why the players wanted to eliminate or change the reserve clause is because, it had tied players to specific clubs hence, denying them transfer rights to clubs they longed to move to. The little achievement by previously formed baseball unions was not a demoralizing factor to players. This is because although the fruits from such organizations were less, in 1965 players re-organized themselves in order to develop proper strategies of putting forward their grief. Their struggle for recognition made then to seek help from external sources; hence the appointing of Marvin Miller as their leader. This marked the onset of a major transformation in terms of baseball unions because the appointment later turned out to be success factor because of his representational skills. Players appointed h im because they believed that Marvin had the power of influencing the government and negotiating with club owners on players’ rights. The concept of miller leading the players association received many oppositions from club owners, whereby their struggles to eliminate him from this leadership position were fruitless. Miller fought to ensure the union had enough funds to manage its affairs. To achieve this, he came up with the concept of a licensing plan that was to ensure that all baseball players were registered and accepted members of a specific representational organization. In addition, he came up with a tutoring and mentoring programs, whose main aim was to ensuring players expressed their grief with solidarity, hence the need to abolish differences that existed amongst them. His efforts gained many fruits for example, in 1968 through his leadership and using his influencing power, the union won a case that led to the formulation and signing of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is the sports sector. This agreement was one of its kinds in this industry because; it prompted most club managements to increase players’ salary to $10,000 (MLBPA, 2010, Para. 5). His struggle to see respect of players’ rights never stopped here, because in 1970 through negotiations with club owners and other stakeholders, players received arbitration rights, when it came to handling of players’ problems. Granting of arbitration rights marked the onset of many achievements that followed as concerned baseball players’ rights. It is necessary to note here that, Miller’s achievements not only enhanced the respect of baseball players, but rather it had impacts in all sports sectors; hence, the accordance of respect to professional sport. Throughout Miller’s reign much happened in the sports world, in terms of developments and respect of players’ rights. His great achievements included the introduction of licenses in spo rts, improvement of contractual terms, and adoption of correct pension schemes by organizations. In addition, his struggle to increase the unions saw the expansion of the union to international standards, something that unions and individual feel even today. This is because currently, MLBPA is one of the most prominent and powerful sports organizations in not only America, but also globally (Korr, 2003, p.1). The concept of the reserve clause received much opposition and faced many court challenges, whereby finally under arbitration the concept of free agency came into being. This abolished the monopoly enjoyed by many clubs in that, it helped to abolish the continuous tendencies of clubs renewing players’ contracts without their consent. MLBPA has undergone many changes, and has seen many leaders come an go, whereby some of the leaders who have seen the union sail through changing hard times include Ken Moffet (after miller) and Fehr. Other developments after Miller’s achievement include increase in revenue amounts, restricting of the free agent market that made club owners enjoy the monopoly as concerned the signing of new contracts. This in any ways has contributed to compensation of players for their rights abused by club owners, for example in 1990; players received $280 million from club owners. Achievement of these has never been smooth in that, it had to involve unrests and boycotts from players for example the 232-day boycott in 1994 to 1995. This in many ways enhanced negotiation standards and agreements rates, something that was very clear during the 2002 signing of a new sort contract (MLBPA, 2010, p.1). Impacts of the Unionization on Players, owners and the Baseball Game In common practice, the main aim of all players’ organizations is to fight and a ensure team managements and club owners respect all player rights. The case has not been different in MLBPA; owing to the many struggles, it has undergone to achieve its present status, primarily because of the much turmoil, which it had to undergo in the past. For example to achieve its present status, the union had to organize many strikes and work boycotts. In addition, in some instances it had to file court cases, whereby it lost and won some. On the other hand, where the court cases failed, arbitration had to prevail, hence the current achievements of the union. Although the quality of the game has had a major boost, players have benefited most because of the freedom that abolishing of the reserve clause granted them. Currently baseball players have employment rights, a scenario that contrasts to what existed previously where, club owners enjoyed the monopoly of controlling all baseball activities. Under Miller’s leadership, club owners granted players collective bargaining opportunities through agreements signed between the two parties; players and club owners. Such like developments have contributed to the currently earned good salaries by b aseball players, as compared to the past when their salary was little to sustain a good living (Goodman, 2000, p.1). In addition, players have arbitration rights, something that is a major boost to the formalities of solving players’ problems. These rights have achieved a lot for example, in 1989, players benefited from a damage compensation that amounted to $ 38 million. In addition through this arbitration rights, player have received other benefits either in form of salaries or compensations from club owners incase something in cases where problems occur during playing time. Currently players have information access rights, something that the club owners tried to constrain during early times when there existed many contending issues between the two parties. Apart from material gains, the unionization of baseball has created strong baseball teams whose solidarity has brought many achievements, which has contributed to talent exploitation hence the coming up of many stars fo r example, Barry Bonds and Sammy Sosa (MLBPA, 2010, p.1). On the other hand, the unionization has contributed greatly to the increasing bargaining power of players. MLBPA represents all players’ grievances in court and to baseball club owners. Hence, due the nature of the power they posses, they have helped baseball players to express their grievance hence, bettering their negotiating terms. Although the unionization of professional baseball has contributed a lot to players’ well-being, to some extent it has contributed to the downfall of players who never participated in the strike. This is because to the union the young players’ act of not joining others in the strike deviated from the union’s rules hence, the only way of punishing them is by denying them union memberships. This has greatly contributed to talent wastage, because they are not entitled to benefit from any deals by the union (Kendrick, 2010, p.1). To club owners, considering the amount of fines resulting from compensations, management of most baseball teams have little to celebrate for, because these compensations are major sources of looses. Baseball unions from time to time have challenged any management orientation club owners adopt; any time they feel, such changes are violating player’s rights. In many ways, this has made management hard in that, from time to time there are policy changes, something that costs club owners substantial amounts of money. Although the above is the case as concerns managements, at least the same has helped to shape management practices of teams. This is because currently, clubs give players the required respect and recognition, something that was rare previously during the reign of Albert Spalding as a club owner. The game has received a major boost in terms of quality and standards. Previously, the â€Å"reserve clause† and the contractual terms was a major demoralizing factor because, players could not afford to play for their dream teams. With the formation of MLPBA, club managers adopted better managerial policies that saw the change of contractual terms hence, guaranteeing players their individual freedoms. On the other hand, previously there were much segregation in terms of players in specific baseball teams, whereby there existed clear divisions between the whites and black Americans. This led to the formation of the Negro League Baseball Players Association. However, due to unionization such segregations have vanished because of equal representation. This in many ways has contributed to the development of the game to international standards, because every registered player has equal chances of exhibiting their expertise as far as the game is concerned (Negro League Baseball Players Association, 2007, p.1). Factors that Determine Player Compensation Packages in Baseball Currently, professional sport has undergone many transformations in terms of diversification, hence making the entire fi eld a multifaceted field. Depending on one’s competence in terms of playing skills and how much fans like one, one becomes a good marketing tool of clubs they belong. Majority of organizations adopt the incentive plan, for most management considers it the most appropriate mechanism of encouraging performance. The same is not different when it comes to professional sports, because for players to maintain high playing standards, club managements have to adopt the same measures. The overall role of determining the remuneration packages of baseball players rests with the Major League Baseball players Union. The league achieves its mandate by employing the use of collective bargaining agreements. Depending whether a player is in the national league or in the American league, the remuneration packages vary accordingly. In addition, negotiation also forms the foundation of any remuneration package a player receives hence, the importance of unions as main negotiators (Manzano, 2006 , p.1). Any baseball player is entitled to a specific minimum salary. In addition, to the minimum salary, clubs add other performance related monetary benefits; depending on terms of agreements. For a player to have arbitration rights, they have to be in the league for a minimum of three years, whereby contractual renewal terms determine the amount of salary that a player earns. After the third year; when the clubs are renewing contracts, the salary varies depending also on the new contractual terms. Generally, a player’s remuneration package depends on achievements; in terms of game quality and the representing union’s agents during negotiations (Miller, 2000, pp. 87-88). Roles of Unions to Player Compensation The remuneration packages of baseball players in most cases depend primarily on the strength of the negotiator(s). Players on their own cannot afford to negotiate good contractual terms hence, the need for representation by agent provided by unions where they be long. This is the case, because sometimes working conditions may be unfavorable or their may exist many contending issue under consideration. In addition, because majority of players have little knowledge about the nature of benefits they should receive from their clubs, special representation by union agents ensures club managers do not take advantage over them. This ensures club owners award players good remuneration packages through the process of structuring the wage benefits (Milkovich Newman, 2007, pp. 94-97). Although one may argue that, contractual terms are clear hence, no need for one to be represented by a union member, it is necessary for individuals to remember that, contractual term are alterable before one signs a contract. Hence, the use of an agent guarantees improved contractual terms, which translates to better benefits. In addition, unions’ representation can act as a security measure because many changes can occur in terms of skill demand and competiti on (Milkovich Newman, 2007, p. 504). Therefore, to ensure there is job security and assurance of continuous gaining, it is important for players to have representation from a union, it being a corporate and registered body, hence has rights to defend an individual in case something wrong happens in the course of the game. Conclusion In conclusion, baseball unionization has undergone a major transformation process. This is because a comparison between the past and present quality and standards of the game clearly shows that, the game has undergone an evolution. The evolution is in terms of managerial qualities, policy developments, and changes in the general practice of the game. Reference List Baseball labor History. (1997). An old fashioned game with old fashioned traditions. Retrieved from http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CLASS/am483_97/projects/brady/labor.html Goodman, A. (2000). Sports Law History: the role of Marvin Miller. Retrieved from http://www.sportslawnews.com/archive/his tory/MarvinMiller.htm History of Baseball. (n.d.). Baseball. Retrieved from http://www.rpi.edu/~fiscap/history_files/hisproj1.htm Kendrick, S. (2010). 1994-95 effects are felt, at least on video games. About Baseball. Retrieved from http://baseball.about.com/b/2010/02/03/1994-95-strike-effects-are-still-felt-at-least-on-video-games.htm Korr, C. (2003). Baseball union. Dictionary of American History. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401800383.html Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). MLBPA information. MLBPA Players. Retrieved from http://mlbplayers.mlb.com/pa/info/ Manzano, C. (2006). The business of baseball: how do players earn such Big salaries. Law Offices of Catalina L. Manzano. Retrieved from http://manzanolaw.com/articles/baseball.html Milkovich, G., Newman, J. (2007). Compensation (9th e.d.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Publishers. Miller, P. (2000). A theoretical and empirical comparison of free agent and Arbitration-eligible salaries ne gotiated in major league baseball. Southern Economic Journal, 67(1), 87-104. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/1061614 Negro League Baseball Players Association. History of Major Negro Leagues Association. NLPBA. Retrieved from http://www.nlbpa.com/history.html This essay on Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball was written and submitted by user Elisa K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.